7.C.INTEL FUTURE CONTEST 2012-OS CARD

MY CONTRIBUTION TO INTEL FOR THE FUTURE….

OS INTEGRATION CARD

 

 

 

Short Description

OS INTEGRATION CARD can be handled just like a graphics card or USB ,which helps in OS switching with one click .Here there is no need to worry about the variations in the file systems.The variations in the file system is neglected by matching or uplifting the files to destined file system.

 

Full Description

There are many instances where we need to shift operating systems. Rebooting the computer for switching between operating systems can be tedious and time consuming.

 

OS INTEGRATION CARD can be handled just like a graphics card or USB.

It can adjust to the working conditions and will monitor the system functioning .it can also help in maintaining the temperature and will provide a constant analysis and warning about the radiations and temperature .

 

It will contain the operating systems which we prefer and help us in switching between operating systems with one click or even voice and touch..in short a card that can be controlled by voice, click or touch.

 

 

Example :

 

For a Ubuntu user who needs to use a few Windows applications occasionally (Photoshop, Illustrator, Fireworks etc that don’t work acceptably with Wine) he may use VirtualBox to boot a “virtual” install of Windows which requires quite a powerful machine with plenty of RAM to run really well. But this approach is not appreciated. In such cases we can use OS INTEGRATION CARD.

 

 

HOW TO USE OS INTEGRATION CARD?

 

1. Connect OS INTEGRATION CARD to your system before you power on.

2. When you power on the system the card lists the operating systems.

3. Select the OS which you need to boot.

4. Your selected OS began to boot and the welcome screen is displayed.

5. If you need to switch to other OS, activate your card to switch mode.

6. Now card will take you to the OS list, select the one to which you need to switch.

7. The new OS will open as a new window in the previously opened window.

8. If you want to transfer files between operating systems that’s also allowed.

9. After the completion of the works close the window. Thus shutting the OS newly opened.

 

While we exchange the files between operating systems the variations in the file system is neglected by matching or uplifting the files to destined file system.

 

Example:

 

An executable file in windows can be transferred to ubuntu 12.04 for installing a particular application .The OS INTEGRATION CARD will uplift the file system of ubuntu 12.04 to accommodate the changes so that the file can be executed in it.

 

This idea probably reduce the time and space complexity of the existing systems and will enable all sort of people to handle their works much more efficiently.

 

What will happen when you are in the middle of a presentation and need to use other OS..??

 

What to do when you find your important files non-compatible with your OS ??

 

When you are put in such unpredictable situations ..

 

Solution is : OS INTEGRATION CARD !!!!!!!!!

 

7.B.INTEL FUTURE CONTEST 2012-BRAIN ANALYSER

MY CONTRIBUTION TO INTEL FOR THE FUTURE….

THE BRAIN ANALYZER

Short Description

 

 

A mechanism which allows the study of the brain waves ,the chemical reactions taking place and the communication of neurons using a high power perceptual Interactive Gesture Camera .its useful in medical field (where we can do surgeries without anesthesia or other drugs).high speed networking,etc

 

 

 

Full Description

 

 

An Intel perceptual computing-interactive camera is fixed,which monitors the overall functioning of the brain.Perceptual computing allows users to interact with devices in new ways, including gesture and touch control, speech recognition, facial recognition, and object tracking.

 

* In case of a brain surgery, the patient will be asked to swallow a neuro-chip,which will be transported to the brain with the help of a magnetic pull enabled by the BRAIN ANALYZER,which can control the Neuro-chip from outside.An Interactive gesture camera is attached to the neuro-chip which will help in the surgery.

As per the gestures of the doctor,the high power interactive gesture camera can identify it and necessary actions will be taken .A virtual atmosphere of the Brain will be shown in the brain analyzer,which is connected to the Neuro-chip.thus the camera and the Brain analyzer will communicate with each other and necessary messages will be passed.this will be very useful for the doctors.Thus surgeries can be done without any complications .

 

*even for a normal sugery we can use the BRAIN ANALYZER which can replace

anesthesia and other drugs(which are harmful for human beings). A temporary blocking is done which allows patients to undergo surgery and other procedures without the distress and pain they would otherwise experience.

 

*this will be helpful in analyzing the neural networks and their interaction .the neuro-chip will monitor the working and communication of the neurons and will give the data to the BRAIN ANALYZER. these concepts can be developed as an algorithm for implementation in networking,which will boost up the data bit rate..

 

*this can act as a anti depression agent.This will explore the memory lane and will take out the memory patches and will make a reliving sensation.

 

* it will make anybody feel like he is actually somewhere else based on the connection with the camera that has the scenes loaded previously..

By programming we can produce the dynamics of things that either exist naturally or don’t make sense. We simulate the dynamics of systems and we look at how people learn to control those systems.

 

*after the completion of the analysis we can destroy the chip which is made out of bio-fibres.

7.A.INTEL FUTURE CONTEST 2012-SMART LEARN

 

MY CONTRIBUTION TO INTEL FOR THE FUTURE….

THE SMART LEARN

Short Description

 

Those students who are suffering from learning disorders can be brought back to the main stream with the help of SMART LEARN .learning is not just memorizing everything ,instead it’s about reading, seeing, feeling , sensing and understanding the concepts .

 

 

Full Description

 

“Education is not the amount of information that is put into your brain and runs riot there, undigested, all your life”-swami Vivekananda

 

The major aim of SMART LEARN is to provide education for all the children who are deprived of it

 

Especially for the children who are lacking learning skills and are suffering from learning disorders, we can develop a systematic learning mechanism with SMART LEARN. It first determines what type of learner you are and adjust the course content to match it.

 

A primary set of tests are done with SMART LEARN to recognize your pattern of study. The tests validate the level of difficulty in reading, writing, spelling, recalling, and reasoning. Usually learning disorder affect the brain’s ability to receive, process, analyze, or store … for this reason the input should be more comfortable for the brain to understand. By sensing your response to each type of learning pattern and analyzing them, the system is set to the specific pattern which suits you best.

 

If you are a visual learner then your course contents at the initial level will mostly be in the form of videos, animations etc and later other types of course contents will also be incorporated. This will help you to expand the learning pattern.

 

SMART LEARN can record the details of your pattern and can analyze it regularly to notify the developments. It can also suggest the changes required for the overall development. It provides a platform for VIRTUAL LEARNING .

 

If a student is unable to perform chemical experiments in the laboratory, he is provided with the visuals and can even experience the smell, color, texture of the chemicals (such sensation is artificially generated to give the actual working experience).

 

Even a blind can utilize this by setting the system to listening mode.He can interact directly with the system and the system can respond accordingly.

 

If the student have difficulties in speaking the system will auto-correct him.It will give him the correct pronunciation and semantics.

 

If you want to know more about a topic, you can activate the search mechanism which can be controlled with voice or text. It will search and lists the course contents that will suit you.

 

Example:

 

If you want to know about LINE CODING SCHEMES in digital transmission, system will search in various educational sites and will take only relevant data and summarize the topic .This will save the time and help you in preparing notes. It can even create a graph, which pictures various subtopics under it. You can explore more about it by opening the links.

 

We can also utilize Google drives for storing the course contents .Here examinations will be conducted, which does not depend on how much you by-heart but on understanding the topics.

 

Those students who are deprived of their chance to attend schools in under developing countries can also benefit from SMART LEARN.

 

Every child is special; give him the platform to manifest the perfection in him….

 

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The above shows my contribution to the future through INTEL FUTURE CONTEST 2012.The response for each idea, from both participants and the experts were really helpful to establish a great foundation. Experts like Ido and Susan Brigandi were really supportive and helpful in making our idea see its real strength.

6.FROM THE P.O.V OF A COMPUTER SCIENTIST

“Everything intelligent is so boring.” ―Leo Tolstoy,Anna karenina

 

Hearing and learning a lot from the past and diving deep into the channels of “The world of microprocessors ” now lets hear a few opinion from the trespassers about this world.

 

From the point of view of a computer science engineering student microprocessors are not a main stream area of study.But the interesting fact is that without understanding the basics of the microprocessors they won’t be able to code or enhance the underlying machine.The machine needs a language which it can understand, if you want to make it understand your  ideas in a different way, you need to either modify yourself or enhance the machine. To increase the performance with out modifying the underlying machine can cause your effort just ‘waste’.

 

For students interested in Embedded systems may feel the need for understanding microprocessors in depth.But what about others?

 

One of the emerging areas in computer science is BIG DATA .To handle a large quantity of data we use Hadoop and other tools.Even NoSQL data bases are developed to cut away the limitations  of the file formats.The data handling can be done much better if the underlying machine can fasten the process.There comes the importance of microprocessors for computer science students.

 

Another area, Artificial intelligence requires highly effective and powerful microprocessors to run their programs.Since they expect a real time processing, the more powerful the system the more accurate the result.

Similarly,Artificial neural Networks and genetic algorithms expect  optimization and approximate results which require proper processing.

 

What ever be the area of your study, the foundation that help you to develop your idea will be void with out microprocessors.

 

 

Microprocessors have traveled a long way and now they can be found even in your heart…

 

..Hey…No, I am n’t  a romantic  poet ..i was just telling about pacemaker …

 

 

….The  labyrinth laid out shows the complex features of microprocessors  but the one who understands it and moves on with his eye on the finishing line can surely win the race ….Its time the tale teller start her journey to find another pair of eyes that is in search of the hidden island-“The world of microprocessors” …

5.ADVANCEMENTS IN MICROPROCESSORS

   INTEL IN NEWS

 

CLEAN UP YOUR DESK..

 

The desk that once used to hold all the components began to fall and the now the compact and more advanced laptops have taken their place.

 

It is indeed  a great advantage for the people to accommodate and establish a compact and sophisticated place for working on their machines.

The place once utilized by the peripherals that stuck out of place,is indeed a horrible experience.The latest technologies have made  a huge shift by including all in one..

That is to follow the old saying -“Old wine in a new bottle” 

 

 

 

CORES

 

The concept of cores have appealed the scientists greatly.With the ability to work more efficiently and not tireing  the machine,cores could not have done better.This ensures the smooth working and also the life of the system.

Each core can concentrate on different works such that parallel working is allowed.When more power is required all the cores can support it. That is ” work on demand”. 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

INTEL AND NASA 

Intel and NASA have joined hands together for  the latest Mars mission.

The Mars mission required highly precise equipments  that can tolerate the ambiance and can work under tedious conditions.

NASA had no other better choice than to use Intel ‘s support and experience to accomplish this risky task.

Now its a joke that if the mars inhibitants happens to see a  rover they will chant  “Intel inside”..

 

 

 

INTEL CELEBRATED 45TH BIRTHDAY ON JULY 28

 

 

On July 18th Intel turned 45.

It was the celebration of an era that witessed the change that the world had undergone.

Intel once again proved their motto “Think” and emerged to be a name that the whole world would carry for the years ahead.

 

 

 

 

 

 

INTEL GAVE A SURPRISE TO THE WHOLE WORLD 

 

“In just a few days, the tech world will be watching 25.03318, 121.560847.”

 

This was the news that flashed across internet and many googled to find what it was..All the searches and results pointed out to a conventional center..

 

The whole world waited patiently to watch another miracle offered by Intel.And as usual they announced forth generation Core i7 Extreme processors, including flagship six-core i7-4960X model.

 

Yet another feather in Intel’s crown.

4.C.INTERFACING OF MICROPROCESSOR

•Operation of basic I/O operations is to act as an interface.

•Decode 8-, 16, and 32-bit addresses for enabling I/O ports

•The basic input device is a set of three-state buffers.

•The basic output device is a set of data latches.

•The term IN refers to moving data from the I/O device into the microprocessor and

•The term OUT refers to moving data out of the microprocessor to the I/O device.

•Handshaking for I/O operations

•Interface and program the 82C55 PPI (programmable parallel interface)

•Using the 82C55 to connect LCDs, LEDs, keyboards, ADCs, DACs, etc. to the processor

•Interface and program the 16550 programmable serial interface adapter

•Interface and program the 8254 programmable interval timer

•Interface DC and stepper motors to the processor

•Two types:

  – Transfer data between the processor accumulator (AL, AX, EAX) register and I/O device: IN and OUT

  – Transfer string data between memory and I/O device directly: INS and OUTS (for processors above 8086)

  IN and OUT:

•The IN instruction (I/O Read): Inputs data from an external I/O device to the accumulator.

•The OUT instruction (I/O Write): Copies the contents of the accumulator out to an external I/O device.

•The accumulator is:

  – AL (for 8-bit I/O),

  – AX (for 16-bit I/O),

  – EAX (for 32-bit I/O).

•As with memory, I/O devices have I/O addresses    (addresses for the I/O port)

•Up to 64K I/O bytes can be addressed

•The 16-bit port address appears on address bus bits A15-A0                                                                     This allows I/O devices at addresses 0000H-FFFFH

•Two ways to specify an I/O port address:

  – An 8-bit immediate (fixed) address (specified as a byte in the instruction): e.g. IN AX, p8     ; Reads a word from port p8

    0000H-00FFH (can only see the first 256 addresses)

  – A 16-bit address located in register DX (can be easily varied): e.g. OUT DX, AL; outputs the byte in AL to the port whose address is in DX

    0000H-FFFFH (upto 16K addresses). i.e. high port addresses are accessible only through DX addressing

 

4.B. PROGRAMMING A MICROPROCESSOR

 

 

…Its through the language and culture that a society breaths..

.. to understand the world of microprocessors and to communicate with them one must know their language and model…

 

The figure above shows the programming model of 8085 microprocessor. 

 

LANGUAGE OF A MICROPROCESSOR:

Microprocessor cannot understand a program written in Assembly language.A program known

as Assembler is used to convert a Assembly language program to machine language.

 

Another general concept is that of an addressing mode. We have seen three addressing modes so far. They are:

1. Data Register Direct. The operand is in a register.

e.g., MOVE D0,D1 ;both operands

2. Immediate Data. The operand appears in the instruction.

e.g., MOVE #1,D1 ;left operand only

3. Absolute. The memory address of the operand appears in the instruction.

e.g., MOVE 1000,2000 ;both operands

 

INSTRUCTION SET

The instruction set consists of 74 operation codes and 246 Instructions.The instructions can be 

classified as

1.Data Transfer (Copy)

MOV-Move the contents of specified registers

OUT/IN -Copy between Input/Output Port and Accumulator

 

2.Arithmetic

ADD-Add contents of specified register  to Accumulator

SUB-Subtract a 8-bit number from Accumulator

ADI-Add a 8-bit number  to  accumulator

SUI-Subtract a 8-bit number from accumulator

INC-increment the contents of specified Register  by 1

DCR-decrement the contents of specified Register  by 1

3.Logical and Bit manipulation

          AND two 8-bit numbers

          OR two 8-bit numbers

          Exclusive-OR two 8-bit numbers

          Compare two 8-bit numbers

          Complement

          Rotate Left/Right Accumulator bits

4.Branch

          Jumps

              •Conditional jumps

              •Unconditional jumps

          Call & Return

               •Conditional Call & Return

               •Unconditional Call & Return

 

5.Machine Control

 

   HLT  Stop program execution

   NOP  Do not perform any operation

 

 

4.A. ARCHITECTURE OF MICROPROCESSOR

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

This figure shows the Intel family of microprocessors bus and memory sizes.The memory size have increased through the various processors and similarly the data bus width and address bus width.

 

 

 

 

 

 General purpose registers are:

 

The top portion of the programming model contains the general purpose registers:EAX, EBX, 

ECX, EDX, EBP, ESI, and EDI

It can carry both Data & Address offsets

Although general in nature, each has a special purpose and name:

EAX – Accumulator   Used also as AX (16 bit),            AH (8 bit), and AL (8 bit)

EBX – Base Index often used to address memory (BX, BH, and BL)

ECX – count, for shifts, rotates, and loops (CX, CH, and CL)

EDX – data, used with multiply and divide (DX, DH, and DL)

EBP – base pointer used to address stack data (BP)

ESI – source index (SI) for memory locations, e.g. with string instructions

EDI – destination index (DI) for memory locations

 

The special purpose register are:

 

ESP, EIP, and EFLAGS

  Each has a specific task

–ESP – Stack pointer: Offset to the top of the stack in the stack segment. Used with procedure calls (SP)

–EIP – Instruction Pointer: Offset to the next instruction in a program in the code segment (IP)

–EFLAGS – indicates latest conditions (state) of the microprocessor (FLAGS)

 

The major EFLAGS are:

 

•C – Carry/borrow from last operation

•P – the parity flag (little used today)

•A – auxiliary flag Half-carry between bits 3 and 4,

  used with BCD arithmetic

•Z – zero

•S – sign

•O – Overflow

•D – direction – Determines auto increment/decrement direction for SI and DI registers with string instructions

•I – interrupt – Enables (using STI) or disables (using CLI) the processing of hardware interrupts arriving at the INTR input pin of the processor

•T – Trap – Turns trapping interrupt (for program debugging) on/off

 

 

The segment registers are:

 

•The segment registers are:

–CS (code),

–DS (data),

–ES (extra data. used as destination for some string instructions),

–SS (stack),

–FS, and GS: Additional segment registers on 80386 and above

•Segment registers define the start of a section (segment)     of memory for a program. 

•A segment is either:

  – 64K (216) bytes of fixed length (real mode), or

  – Up to 4G (232) bytes of variable length (protected mode).

•All code (programs) reside in a code segment.

 

 

 

4.CORE CONCEPTS OF MICROPROCESSORS

“…..You cannot open a book without learning something.so lets open the doors to the labyrinth that greets us..”

 

The core concept of microprocessors is the Moore’s law which was just a statement for Moore but for the world it tuned out to be a law that will determine the price-performance breakthrough.

In 1965, Gordon Moore,  co-founder of Intel with Robert Noyce, made the prediction related to the price-performance criteria . He stated that “The complexity for minimum component costs has increased at a rate of roughly a factor of two per year”.This statement received wide acceptance and was used for almost half a century as Moores law.It was later refined and revised.Today it states, broadly, that the number of transistors on an integrated circuit will double roughly every two years.The microprocessors  price-performance breakthrough could be predicted using this law.And even in the early days, he says, Intel’s progress was out-performing Moore’s law.

Before we move on with the programming side of our tale one must have a deep knowledge in Von Neuman stored program principle.It is the basis of computer programming. The principle includes :

a) We have to store the computer program, which is nothing but the set of instruction and computer executes them one other another as per the program requirement.

b) We have to store the program (i.e. set of instructions) in computer memory. The starting address of the program must be specified which executing the program and it is loaded into the program counter. After that program counter keeps track of the execution of the program till the end of the program.

c) Every program must be end with a stop or terminating instruction, otherwise the control unit will keep on fetching information from memory. Once it encounters a halt or stop instruction, execution stops.

 

Keeping these magic quotes in your mind lets move on to tame the wildest part of microprocessors -programming.

 

For the basic concepts of a microprocessor you can visit the next posts:a)Architecture b)Programmingc)Interfacing

 

…The book is now open ..the one who do not travel through it remains idle..

3.FIRST MICROPROCESSOR

 

The Intel 4004 Microprocessor

The invention of the transistors was  a major milestone in the development of the microprocessors.The integrated chip could  greatly improve the use for transistors, but the problem was  that it could  do only what it was originally programmed to do. To change programs, think and store was out of equation.

 

Robert Noyce, the founder of Fairchild Semiconductor, had patented the silicon chip and intended to establish his reign in the field . The start up company “Integrated Electronics” aka  “Intel” was the seed sower of microprocessor .

Intel 4004 cpu – Interior

 

 

 In November, 1971 when a Japanese company named BUSICOM asked Intel  to have twelve custom chips designed. Separate chips for keyboard scanning, display control, printer control and other functions for a Busicom-manufactured calculator.Intel had to make the chips  and Ted Hoff got his chance..

 

When all the scientists believed that the possibility of a computer on a chip was not practicable and that the IC technology could not handle this, it was Ted who believed that he could improve the chips by squashing most of their functions onto a single central processing unit. Fortunately , he was the first person to recognize that the new silicon-gated MOS technology might make a single-chip CPU (central processing unit) possible and attempted the design.

 

The design of the first microprocessor was done by Ted and Frederico Faggin converted the design to the prototype.The result was a four-chip system, based around the Intel 4004 microprocessor. The process was a tiering and development works were to lengthy that BUSICOM was ready to let go the project. By understanding the value of the new invention Intel gained the ownership of the new chip and decided to gain the markets by developing components that used their product. The market gain thus obtained for Intel was remarkable which lead to further researches and developments in microprocessors. Thus Ted Hoff witnessed the birth of microprocessors and a new dawn.That first chip was called the 4004. The  architecture had just over 2,300 transistors in an area of only 3 by 4 milli metres etched into the silicon.

 

The Intel 4004 chip took the integrated circuit down one step further by placing all the parts that made a computer think (i.e. central processing unit, memory, input and output controls) on one small chip. Programming intelligence into inanimate objects had now become possible.  And all by itself it was as powerful as ENIAC computer built in 1946. But the size was a factor that had to be changed.The later researches were mainly based on decreasing the size of the microprocessors and increasing its capacity.

 

The main features of 4004 was  its 4-bit CPU, command register, decoder, decoding control, control monitoring of machine commands and interim register, which was then a miracle. Today’s 64-bit microprocessors are still based on similar designs, and the microprocessor is still the most complex mass-produced product.

 

In 2010 US President Barack Obama presented Ted with the National Medal of Technology and Innovation for his contributions in the development of a new era.

Indeed, what world witness today is the power of thinking of a one man army supported by a group of tech enthusiasts. 

 

Sometimes great dreams for a life time can change the perspective of the whole world….For that you just need to open your eyes and look into yourself..